Consequences for classroom behavior - In doing so, teachers help students with behavior problems learn how, when, and where to use these new skills; increase the opportunities that the students have to exhibit appropriate behaviors; preserve a positive classroom climate; and manage consequences to reinforce students' display of positive "replacement" behaviors and adaptive ...

 
Positive consequences are the rewarding results of a behavior deemed desirable. When an individual’s behavior is followed by a positive consequence, then the person is more likely to exhibit that behavior again. Of course, this is the opposite of negative consequences, in which the result of a specific behavior is unpleasant or …. Kansas university ranking

Classroom management software has become increasingly popular in educational settings, providing teachers with the tools they need to effectively manage their classrooms and improve student engagement.Best practices for classroom management include: establishing rules, routines, and expectations. reinforcing positive behavior through praise. consistently enforcing consequences for misbehavior. maximizing structure. fostering student engagement by including opportunities for active student participation.Examples: A student waves scissors around. She loses the use of the scissors for the remainder of the art period. Two children talk instead of working. They have to sit by themselves. A child rocks his chair or sits way back in his chair. He sits on the floor or stands for the remainder of the lesson or activity. Smelly spots are an easy positive recognition addition to a classroom management plan. The consequences to breaking a rule I chose were: First time – turn card to yellow. Verbal warning. Second time – turn card to orange. Immediate time out (5 mins) Third time – turn card to red. Lose privilege and note home. The Pledge of Allegiance started as just part of a marketing campaign to sell flags. But along the way, it became something much much bigger. Advertisement Every American schoolkid can recite the Pledge of Allegiance by heart, even if they ...A student disrupting the class can have a variety of effects on both themselves and their peers. For instance, an individual’s behavior may be frustrating for them eventually or they could try to gain attention by responding in this way. A few effects of disruptive behavior in the classroom include: 1. A decreased sense of safety …Classroom consequences are the incentives and disincentives, rewards and punishments, put in in place by teachers in order to manage their classrooms and shape student behaviors. The consequences you choose should be proportionate to the behavior, respectful of the student’s rights and needs, and consistent with the cultural norms and school rules.Try a printable worksheet that helps intermediate through secondary students make better decisions concerning their classroom behavior. Rules, Consequences, and Rewards List. A list of rules, consequences, and rewards to assist with the behavior management of your classroom. Awards, Certificates, and Notes for the ClassroomThe aim of this meta-analytic review was to determine the effectiveness of several types of classroom interventions (antecedent-based, consequence-based, self-regulation, combined) that can be applied by teachers in order to decrease off-task and disruptive classroom behavior in children with symptoms of ADHD.Rewarding students for working well with commendations or praise points (even with vocal praise) is a behaviourist approach. This conditions students to behave or to strive for better work using the same operant conditioning techniques championed by Skinner. You can also see behaviourist theory in the way we teach students to revise for …Step 1: Set goals for behavior. First, you need to define the behavior you want to see. For example, maybe your students are perpetually rowdy at the beginning of class and you want them to settle down and get focused more quickly. Step 2: Determine appropriate ways to reinforce the behavior.2. Praise those students in the classroom who engage in appropriate behavior. 3. Give the learner an easily grasped list of consequences for unacceptable behavior. 4. Make sure that the learner knows the relationship between unacceptable behavior and the consequences that follow. 5.Natural consequences are a direct result following behavior that would occur naturally in the environment. For example, leaning back in one’s chair will lead to it falling over and hurting or embarrassing the child. The consequences are not imposed by an authority figure, they occur naturally. Logical consequences require that a child fix ...The law is important because it serves as a norm of conduct for citizens and residents. It acts as a guideline for acceptable behavior, and ensures equality within communities and social groups by an outline for the consequences of law viol...Natural and logical to the school environment. There are two major types of consequences: Positive consequence — A means by which teachers increase the probability that a desired behavior will occur in the future; often referred to as reinforcer. Negative consequence — A means by which the teacher decreases the probability that an undesired ... What are logical consequences? Logical consequences are those created and imposed by an adult and associated with a student’s poor choice or behavior. For …Apr 18, 2019 · Try positive reinforcement. Create a classroom or school-wide goal. Ask for new ideas to try at a staff meeting. 3. Have students practice good behavior again, and again, and again. Mary also wrote to us about how important it is to practice good behavior, especially at the beginning of the school year, with things like morning meetings ... Classroom behavior is one of the trickiest issues teachers face today. Disruptive behavior results in lost curriculum time and creates a classroom environment that is not always conducive to learning. ... They also face many conflicting theories about how to manage it: logical consequences, behavior management and assertive discipline, to name ...Operant conditioning is a learning theory that can be used in the classroom to manage students through reinforcements and consequences. Learn the definition of operant conditioning and its related ...Rewarding Good Behavior. Rules, Consequences, and Rewards List. A list of rules, consequences, and rewards to assist with behavior management. Awards and Certificates. Use printable certificates and awards to recognize great effort, achievement, or progress by your students. Express gratitude, encourage good behavior, and reward a job well done ...ClassDojo is a free, electronic way to manage behavior in your classroom. Teachers input their students’ names via the app or a computer, and each student gets their own monster avatar. ... While you’ll put in every effort to create a positive classroom culture, consequences will still be necessary. In the same way that we want students to ...As a teacher, your role is to exhaust an array of classroom management and discipline techniques—including contacting families, enforcing logical consequences, etc.—before referring a student to the office. In most cases, these management and discipline techniques are enough to get a student back on track.Page 7: Negative Consequences. While a positive consequence is a means by which a teacher increases the probability that a behavior will occur in the future, a negative consequence is a means by which she decreases the probability that a behavior will occur in the future. When a student violates a rule or procedure, a teacher can provide a ...No Consequences for Bad Behavior Results in More. By Philip Carl Salzman 7:36 PM on October 23, 2023. Screenshot of BLM flag in Philadelphia, Pa. The …6. Establish Consequences for Misbehaving. Good classroom management starts the first day of school. Once students learn there will be consequences for misbehavior, they usually come around. Here are three steps to help you set up consequences: Determine what consequences will be effective with your group of students.Logical consequences are respectful of the child’s dignity while punishment often calls upon an element of shame. Logical consequences respond to the misbehavior in ways that preserve the dignity of the child. The message is that the behavior is a problem, not that the child is a problem. The teacher’s tone of voice is critical in ...Positive Consequences Positive Behavior Ideas to Address the Behavior Positive Consequences Classroom Managed Behaviors that impact only the student -Prepared -In seat -Using materials properly -Following directions -Attentive -Seated at desk -Doing classwork -Listening -Sitting in chair properly -Working -Taking responsibility for actionManaging Disruptive Students. Misbehavior is inevitable and distracts others' learning experience. Learn how to prevent, manage, and address disruption. When it comes to disruption, classroom management is your best tool. It’s important to employ classroom management techniques to create a space for productive learning.Harsh consequences for disrespectful behavior can sometimes just fuel the fire. Remembering that discipline means "to teach," show you child what loving, kind behavior looks like by responding with a hug or another way of showing affection. ... 17 Ways to Prevent Bullying in Your Classroom. 8 Ways to Discipline Your Child Without …Smelly spots are an easy positive recognition addition to a classroom management plan. The consequences to breaking a rule I chose were: First time – turn card to yellow. Verbal warning. Second time – turn card to orange. Immediate time out (5 mins) Third time – turn card to red. Lose privilege and note home. According to Jane Nelsen 1 , effective logical consequences fit four criteria: they must be related to the behavior, respectful of the student, reasonable for the student to carry out, and (whenever possible) revealed in advance so the student knows the potential consequences of their actions ahead of time. These kinds of consequences can be ...An effective parent phone call is made on the day of the classroom disturbance, clearly describes the events that precipitated the call, identifies any previous incidents and the consequences meted out, and suggests a course of action to address the behavioral problem that is based upon a parent-teacher partnership.Classroom rewards and consequences are essential parts of classroom management, especially at the elementary school level. Teachers design a system to keep their classroom under control and running smoothly at all times. Many teachers operate on a reward and consequence system. This system offers rewards to students ...Appropriate: Depending on the school policy, the student could lose points off their homework assignment. The student could also receive a lower rating in academic behavior. Inappropriate: A lack of homework results in the student failing the class. By definition, students do homework outside of the control of the classroom.Logical consequences are similar to what would happen to an adult in a similar situation, therefore teaching students skill that they will need to be successful later on in life. Logical consequences need to be related, respectful, and reasonable (Nelson, 1985). Related means that the consequence is clearly connected to the student’s behavior ... Nov 21, 2020 · A simple way to remember the difference is that positive consequences are more proactive and negative consequences are more reactive. In other words, positive consequences are designed to encourage kids to repeat good behaviors while negative consequences are given in response to a behavior you want your child to change. b. While it is ... Implementation of a Classroom Management Program with Urban Elementary Schools in Low-Income Neighborhoods: Does Program Fidelity Affect Student Behavior and Academic Outcomes?. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), Vol. 16, Issue. 3, p. 201.? A positive classroom begins with you Read ideas and find resources on establishing and maintaining acceptable behavior in your students. New teachers, who …Good classroom rules follow the requirements of the 5Ps of making classroom rules. They are Prompt, Prepared, Productive, Polite, and Position. Your rules must promote the 5Ps in your classroom. That helps prepare everyone and the classroom environment for effective teaching and learning to take place.21 Creative Consequences. Disciplining our children well takes wisdom, consistency, and empathy. It also helps to have a ready sense of humor, a whole lot of love, and a good supply of patience. Then, on top of all that, there are times you need to mix in a little creativity— creative consequences. So look over these creative and, sometimes ...Consider how the typical set of classroom rules listed below define expectations for student behavior. Treat others with courtesy and politeness. Make sure to bring the required materials to class and to activities. Be on time for class and other activities. Listen to the teacher and to others when they are speaking. A significant, negative relation was found between off-task behavior and BSP (r = −.37, p = .05), indicating that teachers who used more BSP tended to have less off-task behavior in their classrooms. Implications for training teachers to increase their use of BSP as a universal strategy are discussed.Logical Consequences. Logical consequences are a key practice in the Responsive Classroom approach to discipline. A logical consequence is a non-punitive response to misbehavior that allows teachers to set clear limits and students to fix and learn from their mistakes while maintaining their dignity. Depending on the child and the situation ...Reward and Punishment: Better Strategies for Children with ADHD. 1. Make sure that waiting times are within a child’s capacity so that they can be successful in their efforts to wait. Consider building up a child’s stamina for waiting. Start small and gradually increase waiting times, acknowledging and praising efforts to wait.Managing Disruptive Students. Misbehavior is inevitable and distracts others' learning experience. Learn how to prevent, manage, and address disruption. When it comes to disruption, classroom management is your best tool. It’s important to employ classroom management techniques to create a space for productive learning.The first step in being proactive might be the easiest: identify challenging behaviors and their effects on the classroom. You know exactly what I’m talking about. Challenging behaviors can manifest academically: missing deadlines, plagiarism. ... Offering students who display challenging behaviors leadership opportunities in class is a way ...Sep 3, 2019 · Then, the new school year started, with a different teacher meting out electronic consequences for classroom behavior at an astonishing rate for the students. The negative consequence emojis consumed much of the classroom day. Grandmother received 10 to 15 negative dings about her grandson daily. Educators must set and communicate (early and often) clear expectations for civility; respectful behavior; and calm and reasoned dialogue—and consequences for when a student steps out of line. While educators may once have assumed that politeness, rational thinking, and respect would prevail in classrooms, behavior norms have shifted.When you've unintentionally angered someone, your first instinct may be to explain that making them mad wasn't your goal, and try to elaborate on what you really meant. If you've noticed that it never really seems to calm them down, here's ...No Consequences for Bad Behavior Results in More. By Philip Carl Salzman 7:36 PM on October 23, 2023. Screenshot of BLM flag in Philadelphia, Pa. The …Send Me the Ideas. You’ll also receive our best teaching tips & encouragement. Here's the Classroom Consequences Idea list! There's something for everyone K-12 - even if your school frowns on actual …Creator of Conscious Discipline. In Conscious Discipline, there are three types of consequences: natural, logical, and problem-solving. Facilitated effectively, these consequences help children develop an inner moral compass, learn self-regulation, and become responsible citizens. In this article, we'll teach you how and when to use each of the ...Consequences . Disciplines > Teaching > Classroom management > Consequences. Description | Example | Discussion | See also. Description. Teach the class that there are consequences, both for bad and good behavior.. Decide on the consequences for different behaviors beforehand -- it is too easy to over-do it in the heat of the moment.in your classroom. Rules, and your explanation of them, tell students how you expect them to behave. Consequences outline what would happen if students choose to break the rules. Strategies for reinforcing appropriate behavior, both tangible and intangible, bolster a student's desire to make the right behavioral choices and follow the classroom ...Carole Banks, MSW addresses the top four school problems parents struggle with the most. 1. Acting Out in School. When your child acts out in school, it can be worrisome, frustrating and embarrassing. On top of the actual misbehavior, you fear that he’ll make a bad name for himself—that his reputation as a troublemaker will follow him from ...The aim of this meta-analytic review was to determine the effectiveness of several types of classroom interventions (antecedent-based, consequence-based, self-regulation, combined) that can be applied by teachers in order to decrease off-task and disruptive classroom behavior in children with symptoms of ADHD.Difficulty managing classroom behavior is a frequently recognized problem for teachers, especially teachers early in their careers. ... Effects of the good behavior game on challenging behaviors in school settings. Review of Educational Research, 84, 546-571. Crossref. ISI. Google Scholar. Freeman J., Simonsen B., Briere D. E., MacSuga-Gage A ...28 Tem 2016 ... Many educators across the country are implementing positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) in their schools and classrooms.Logical consequences are respectful of the child’s dignity while punishment often calls upon an element of shame. Logical consequences respond to the misbehavior in ways that preserve the dignity of the child. The message is that the behavior is a problem, not that the child is a problem. The teacher’s tone of voice is critical in ...Respectful redirection is a classroom management strategy that teachers use to quickly and calmly tell students what they’re doing incorrectly and what they should be doing instead. ... systematic correction with feedback has a positive effect on student behavior. How you speak to students — the tone you use, the words you choose, and how ...Feb 3, 2023 · These tips for classroom behavior management relate to your support system as a teacher: 1. Find encouragement from your peers. Attend regular teacher meetings and ask if you can discuss classroom behavior management solutions. Share challenging experiences and methods that may have helped solve challenges. Disruptive behavior, considered to hinder teacher's instruction, student's learning, and the classroom environment, is a significant problem faced by teachers daily.Creator of Conscious Discipline. In Conscious Discipline, there are three types of consequences: natural, logical, and problem-solving. Facilitated effectively, these consequences help children develop an inner moral compass, learn self-regulation, and become responsible citizens. In this article, we'll teach you how and when to use each of the ...classroom management skills or behavioral intervention (Fabiano et al., 2010; Owens, Murphy, Richerson, Girio, & Himawan, 2008). Given that students with these behaviors place a unique burden on teachers, impact the overall class-room, and are likely uniquely impacted by poor quality classroom management, research on the relations betweenLogical consequences are similar to what would happen to an adult in a similar situation, therefore teaching students skill that they will need to be successful later on in life. Logical consequences need to be related, respectful, and reasonable (Nelson, 1985). Related means that the consequence is clearly connected to the student’s behavior ... The first step in being proactive might be the easiest: identify challenging behaviors and their effects on the classroom. You know exactly what I’m talking about. Challenging behaviors can manifest academically: missing deadlines, plagiarism. ... Offering students who display challenging behaviors leadership opportunities in class is a way ...Jan 29, 2020 · Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence—also known as "ABC"—is a behavior-modification strategy often employed for students with learning disabilities, particularly those with autism. It can also be useful for nondisabled children as well. ABC uses scientifically-tested techniques to help guide students toward the desired outcome, whether that ... The study shows that students exhibit several classroom behaviour problems, categorised into physiological (emotional problems, noncompliance and aggression) and physical and social problems ...Logical consequences are respectful of the child’s dignity while punishment often calls upon an element of shame. Logical consequences respond to the misbehavior in ways that preserve the dignity of the child. The message is that the behavior is a problem, not that the child is a problem. The teacher’s tone of voice is critical in ...Jan 29, 2020 · Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence—also known as "ABC"—is a behavior-modification strategy often employed for students with learning disabilities, particularly those with autism. It can also be useful for nondisabled children as well. ABC uses scientifically-tested techniques to help guide students toward the desired outcome, whether that ... Use Logical Consequences. Each instance of non-compliance should be addressed with a negative consequence. A time-out, or a logical consequence such as a loss of privileges, are effective ways to discourage defiance. Remember, consistent discipline is the key to reducing defiant behavior. How to Discipline Kids With …Barrish H, Saunders M, Wolf M. Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1969; 2:119–124. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Apr 2, 2021 · Rewarding Good Behavior. Rules, Consequences, and Rewards List. A list of rules, consequences, and rewards to assist with behavior management. Awards and Certificates. Use printable certificates and awards to recognize great effort, achievement, or progress by your students. Express gratitude, encourage good behavior, and reward a job well done ... This Behavior Clip Art set demonstrates the consequences of negative behaviors in the classroom. There are a total of 53 images (29 in color and 24 in bw). All images are provided in both color and black and white. Images are also provided in 300 dpi (png) which allow images to stay crisp even after resizing.Harsh consequences for disrespectful behavior can sometimes just fuel the fire. Remembering that discipline means "to teach," show you child what loving, kind behavior looks like by responding with a hug or another way of showing affection. ... 17 Ways to Prevent Bullying in Your Classroom. 8 Ways to Discipline Your Child Without …Logical consequences are methods that are put in place to help students make better behavior choices. While appropriate consequences are adjusted depending on the circumstances and the student ...Positive behavior strategies are evidence-based, proactive approaches to changing challenging student behavior. Some examples of positive behavior strategies are pre-correcting and prompting and nonverbal signals. There’s a lot to think about when it comes to teaching. You plan and deliver lessons to cover the curriculum. To help you develop a classroom management plan of your own, here are nine effective classroom management strategies as examples of what you could implement. #1: Minimal Consequences First. When setting expectations for students, make the consequences for disruptive behavior as small as possible at first.Dec 25, 2021 · In the classroom, consequences are a response to a child's behavior or action. Consequences are either positive or negative. Negative consequences are typically similar to a punishment and can ... 6. Star Bucks. Star Bucks is a fun play on Monopoly Money and Star Wars. Students receive money for good behavior such as good listening or completing specials deeds or services. On the flip side, students must pay the teacher when s/he engages in certain behaviors like talking to a neighbor or blurting out answers.in your classroom. Rules, and your explanation of them, tell students how you expect them to behave. Consequences outline what would happen if students choose to break the rules. Strategies for reinforcing appropriate behavior, both tangible and intangible, bolster a student's desire to make the right behavioral choices and follow the classroom ...The consequences were individual and group praise, and group activities. The total intervention package (rules + feedback + group and individual consequences) was most effective in increasing appropriate behavior. Rules + feedback produced increased appropriate behavior in two of the three classrooms. Rules alone produced no change in classroom ...Therefore, when we allow a student to break a rule without consequences, even if it seems a small infraction, we inadvertently reward them with a sense of status. …Feb 3, 2023 · These tips for classroom behavior management relate to your support system as a teacher: 1. Find encouragement from your peers. Attend regular teacher meetings and ask if you can discuss classroom behavior management solutions. Share challenging experiences and methods that may have helped solve challenges.

This Behavior Clip Art set demonstrates the consequences of negative behaviors in the classroom. There are a total of 53 images (29 in color and 24 in bw). All images are provided in both color and black and white. Images are also provided in 300 dpi (png) which allow images to stay crisp even after resizing.. Can i get my teaching certificate online

consequences for classroom behavior

A daily behavior chart is part of the class newsletter in the student’s folder. At the end of the day, the student or I will use the check the appropriate number of letters for that day. Parents will sign the behavior sheet each night to acknowledge their child’s class behavior. Classroom Rules. The rules in our classroom are: 1.Mistake #6: Expecting compliance. It’s a losing battle to expect compliance from students without putting in the emotional work. Demand it and many students will simply rebel, test boundaries, or engage in power struggles. Good classroom management requires that you build a solid relationship based on trust and empathy: “Classroom ...Updated on January 29, 2020. Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence—also known as "ABC"—is a behavior-modification strategy often employed for students with learning disabilities, particularly those with autism. It can also be useful for nondisabled children as well. ABC uses scientifically-tested techniques to help guide students toward the ...The Three Rs and an H for Logical Consequences is a formula that identifies the criteria to help ensure that logical consequences are solutions, rather than punishment. The Three Rs and an H of Logical Consequences Related . Respectful . Reasonable Helpful Related means the consequence must be related to the behavior.In the classroom, consequences are a response to a child's behavior or action. Consequences are either positive or negative.Jun 30, 2015 · Sample consequences: First: A written warning on a blue post-it will be placed on a student’s desk. Second: An orange post-it will be placed over the blue, and verbal conference with the teacher will take place. Third: Student will be moved to the independent desk at the front of the room. This is ... Outline consequences for ongoing disruptive behavior. Verbally address classroom expectations regarding behavior on the first day of class. It is especially effective to talk about behavior you want to see, as well as the type that’s disruptive. Model the type of behavior you expect from your class. How to respond to a disruption, in the moment Sep 1, 2018 · According to Jane Nelsen 1 , effective logical consequences fit four criteria: they must be related to the behavior, respectful of the student, reasonable for the student to carry out, and (whenever possible) revealed in advance so the student knows the potential consequences of their actions ahead of time. These kinds of consequences can be ... Jan 21, 2023 · Loss of Privilege. This logical consequence happens when the student’s behavior does not meet the expectation. The consequence is the student losing a privilege of participating in something or using materials for a brief time. This consequence must be directly related to the misbehavior. Examples: Page 6: Positive Consequences. Once they’ve developed their rules and procedures, teachers must either acknowledge appropriate behavior or correct inappropriate behavior. Such an action is referred to as a consequence —any response to a behavior that ultimately increases the likelihood that the student will behave appropriately.Consequences are the positive or negative results of behavior. Experiencing the consequences of their behavior should allow your children the opportunity to think about what they did and how they can make amends. Teach your children that their behaviors have consequences. When you think about consequences, you probably considered imposing ...When they don't face consequences, children don't learn to regulate their own behavior. Learning cannot flourish in a mismanaged classroom environment. If you ...A system of rewards and consequences at home could be just the incentive your child needs. Here are ideas for putting a system in place. 1. Understand rewards. A reward isn’t a bribe. It’s something your child earns for correctly doing what you asked. Consider using both tangible and intangible rewards:The Dangerous Consequences of Classroom Consequences. September 03, 2019. The second-grade boy was a mess. Mom and dad were both suffering from opioid use disorders, and child protective services placed him with the grandmother who was struggling to make ends meet. The boy’s emotional and behavioral issues from living with drug-addicted ...NEW YORK, May 18, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, InnovateEDU, a non-profit organization whose mission is to eliminate the achievement gap in K-12 edu... NEW YORK, May 18, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, InnovateEDU, a non-profit organization whose...To summarize, the guidelines for classroom rules include the following: (a) develop 4-6 measurable, observable, positive classroom rules and include students in rule development; (b) teach the rules and subrules directly; (c) post the rules and review them frequently; and, (d) be sure to carry out the consequences for rule compliance and ...Nov 21, 2020 · A simple way to remember the difference is that positive consequences are more proactive and negative consequences are more reactive. In other words, positive consequences are designed to encourage kids to repeat good behaviors while negative consequences are given in response to a behavior you want your child to change. b. While it is ... Smelly spots are an easy positive recognition addition to a classroom management plan. The consequences to breaking a rule I chose were: First time – turn card to yellow. Verbal warning. Second time – turn card to orange. Immediate time out (5 mins) Third time – turn card to red. Lose privilege and note home.Logical consequences teach students the hows and whys of good decisions, rather than making them sorry for making a bad choice. A logical consequence for Amy would be to take a few minutes to regain control and then to apologize to her classmate. Amy should also help repair the damage she caused by, for example, helping Maddie re-create her page.Classroom Management Consequences and the 4 Keys. Finding ideas for classroom management consequences that will still and be productive with your students isn't difficult, it just needs to ebb and flow with the students and where they are (physically, mentally, and emotionally). Being flexible is the key to making all of this work.Rewards and consequences are powerful tools for shaping students' behavior and motivation in the classroom. However, they need to be designed and implemented carefully to avoid negative effects ....

Popular Topics